Group 6

201• Patients with MS after Hot Showers – will experience Extreme Fatigue after taking a Hot Shower, because the Heat will Decrease the Speed of Axonal Transport.


202• M-CSF and RANK receptors – are present on Osteoclasts. Macrophage –Colony Stimulating Factor and RANK are present in Osteoclasts.


203• E.Coli causing UTI – will express Fimbriae, which are Fimbrial Antigens, which are used for adhesion to Uroepithelial Cells.


204• Brunner’s Glands in Duodenum – which are unique to Duodenum, will secrete Alkaline Mucous into the ducts.


205• Cilostazol and Dipyridamole – will decrease the activity of Platelet Phosphodiesterase and thus will increase cAMP. Also they will cause Vasodilation of Arterioles. Used in Peripheral Artery Disease – Intermittent Claudication!!!!!


206• Ankylosing Spondylitis – are associated with HLA B-27, which are TYPE I HLA class.


207• Type II HLA Class are antigens that contain DR, DP and DQ.


208• Ethosuximide – blocks T-type Calcium channels that trigger and sustain rhythmical burst discharges in thalamic neurons.


209• Phenytoin – blocks Na channels and thus decreases the firing of neurons


210• Valproic Acid – blocks NMDA receptors and affects K current.


211• Benzodiazepines – can cause daytime drowsiness and increase the risk of Falls in Elderly.


212• Meckel’s Diverticulum – remnant of omphalomesenteric duct (vitelling duct) and is a true diverticulum, that consists of all the layers of the intestinal wall (mucosa, submucosa and muscularis)


213• Power of a study – 1-percentage where it fails. So if the data fails 20% of the time, then .8 is a power of study.


214• Acute Rejection - occurs within weeks of transplantation and primarily mediated by host T-lymphocytes that act against donor MHC antigens. To prevent, administer Calcineurin Inhibitor such as Cyclosporine.


215• Cricopharyngeal Muscle Dysfunction – caused by diminished relaxation of pharyngeal muscles during swallowing. Usually occurs in elderly, where they present with coughing, choking and recurrent aspiration.


216• Doxyrubicin – anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent will form free radicals in myocardium. The side effect is cardiac fibrosis, which will present with Dilated Cardiomyopathy.


217• Phospholipase C - forms IP3 and DAG from phospholipids. And IP3 causes an increase in intracellular calcium, which then activates Protein Kinase C.


218• Lactase Deficient Patients - will present with a Normal Intestinal Mucosa.


219• Polycystic Ovarian Disease Patients – will benefit from therapy with Clomiphene, which is an estrogen receptor antagonist and will increase the release of GnRH and stimulates ovulation. Because in PCOS the patients’ ovaries will secrete estrogen which will feedback inhibit GnRH, and in treatment with Clomiphene, these receptors will be suppressed and thus GnRH will secrete estrogens and induce ovulation.


220• Nimodipine – Calcium Channel Blocker, used in surgery on Subarachnoid Hemorrhage to prevent cerebral vasospasm.


221• Aspergillosis – occurs in Old Lung Cavities. It will grow as a Fungus Ball and will present in old cavities caused by TB, Sarcoidosis or Emphysema. Patients with Asthma may have a hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus.


222• Erosions of Gastric Mucosa - are called erosions because they do not penetrate Muscularis Mucosa, when they do, then it’s called Ulcers.


223• Candida Albicans – will inoculate into serum at 37 degrees for 3 hours will lead to formation of Hyphae from Yeast.


224• Mitral Valve Prolapse – the most common cardiac abnormality that predisposes to native Valve Bacterial Endocarditis.


225• Majority of Free Water – will be reabsorbed in the Proximal Tubule, regardless of the patient’s Hydration Status.


226• Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency – should be suspected in all patients with premature onset (<50>


227• PCO2 – is the most potent Cerebral Vasodilator. Patients with COPD will usually have low PO2 and High PCO2 and thus will present with Increased Cerebral Circulation.

228• Aortic Regurgitation – will present with Widened Pulse Pressure and the patients will have Head Bobbing.


229• Achondroplasia – the most common defect in these patients is the mutation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR-3) at the epiphyseal growth plate and the cells that are affected are Chondrocytes.


230• Trigeminal Neuralgia – is commonly due to V2 and V3 nerves of CNV and will be treated by Carbamazepine.


231• Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis – Major Risk Factor for Adult Onset Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Thus patients will have an elevated Amylase and Lipase.


232• Abetalipoproteinemia – is an inherited inability to synthesize apolipoprotein B, which is a component of Chylomicrons. Thus Lipids will accumulate in the Intestinal Epithelium, because they can’t be transported out.


233• Resting Membrane Potential – is normally about -70 mV and is due to Potassium Efflux and Sodium Influx.

234• Valproate – is preferred in patients with Combined Absence Seizures and Tonic Clonic, not Ehtosuximide which is only for Absence Seizures.


235• Cystinuria – is due to defect in renal tubules, which fails to absorb amino acid Cysteine. To test for this, we do Cyanide test which detects Sulfhydryl Groups and will detect presence of Cystine.


236• Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – will have granular deposits of IgG, IgM and C3 in the mesangium and basement membrane.


237• Stapedius Muscle – innervated by Stapedius Nerve, which is a branch of CNVII. Paralysis of Stapedius Muscle will cause Hyperacusis. Ipsilateral Hyperacusis is usually seen in Bell’s Palsy, which is a peripheral facial nerve palsy.


238• Hyperacute Rejection – that occurs immediately due to Preformed Antibodies within the recipient. This is a Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction.


239• Patients with Mitral Stenosis – might have an Opening Snap, which usually follows S2 heart sound.

240• VSD – is usually heard at Left Midsternal Border and produces a Holosystolic Murmur.

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