Group 15

561• Apolipoprotein E -4 - may be involved in formation of Senile Plaques in Alzheimer’s Disease


562• Beta HCG – is detected in maternal serum on the 8th day, but can take as long as 11. Blastocyst implants itself on the 6th day


563• Hibernating Myocardium – can be caused by repetitive ischemia of the myocardium or persisten hypoperfusion, and when the blood flow is restored it will regain the circulation and strength


564• Glucagonoma – are pancreatic tumors that are characterized by necrolytic migratory erythema, erythematous rash affecting the groin


565• Pancoast Tumors – are Superior Sulcus Tumors characterized by Ipsilateral Horner’s Syndrome, rib destruction and other upper extremities’ deficits in the distribution of C8, T1 and T2


566• Alanine – can be Transaminated by Alanine Aminotransferase to Pyruvate with Amino Group transferred to Alpha Ketoglutarate to form Glutamate


567• HbS – where charged Glutamic Acid Residue is replaced by Nonpolar Hydrophobic Valine Residue at the 6th position and will cause aggregation of Hemoglobin under Hypoxic Conditions


568• Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone – is located at the base of 4th Ventricle, at the Dorsal Surface of Medulla.


569• Duration of Diastole – is a critical factor in determining Coronary Blood Flow


570• Ergot Compounds and Nonergot Compounds – Directly Stimulate Dopamine Receptors. Ergot Compounds (Bromocriptine and Pergolide) and Nonergot Compounds (Pramipexole and Ropinerole)


571• Patients on Thiazides – have overall higher levels of Calcium and thus it’s bone protective, so Hypocalciuria will decrease formation of Renal Stones


572• Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors – do not need to be phosphorylated to be activated and some of them are: Nevirapine, Efavirenz and Delavirdine


573• HIV Associated Esophagitis – is caused by Candida, CMV and Herpes Virus
 

574• After MAO Therapy – it will take 2 weeks to regenerate enzyme, to have adequate neurotransmitter metabolism


575• Primidone - is metabolized to Phenobarbital and PEMA, all three are active compounds that are Anticonvulsants


576• Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome – when Transverse Portion of Duodenum is trapped between SMA and Aorta. That can happen due to rapid weight loss.


577• Bronchogenic Carcinoma – is the most common Lung Cancer due to Asbestos Exposure, where Mesothelioma is 2nd Most Common.


578• Majority of Anal Fissures – occur in the Posterior Midline Distal to the Dentate Line.


579• Pyrazinamide – is effective in Acidic Environment, where other TB drugs are effective against extracellular mycobacteria.


580• Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma – are 2 outcomes associated with mutation of HFE protein which promotes attachment to Transferrin Protein and Facilitates Iron Absorption, which are seen in Hemochromatosis


581• Acute Rheumatic Fever – is the most common cause of Mitral Stenosis. Where Infective Endocarditis is more associated with Vegetaions and Destruction of the Valves.


582• Valproic Acid – is the first line therapy for Myoclonic Seizures. Where Phenyotin and Carbamazepine are 1st line in Tonic Clonic Seizures.


583• Nephrotic Syndrome – will present with loss of Antithrombin III and that’s why will present with Thrombosis


584• H. Influenza B Vaccine – is mixed with Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid, and this in turn will Increase Immunogenicity of the Vaccine, where Conjugate becomes T cell dependent Antigen


585• Carcinoid Heart Disease – will present with Fibrous Intimal Thickening with Endocardial Plaques and will be limited to Right Heart. The symptoms are flushing, wheezing and diarrhea, due to production of Serotonin, Kalikrein, Bradykinin, Histamine etc.


586• Lispro and Aspart – are the best Short Acting Insulins


587• Hydrocele and Indirect Hernia – are formed by a similar mechanism. Both are caused by incomplete Obliteration of Processus Vaginalis.
 

588• Gallstone Ileus – will cause an obstruction of the bowel and will present with Air in the Billiary Tract.


589• Increased Fecal Blood Loss – is the side effect of ASA Therapy. Because there is a loss of Gastric Protection in addition to Impaired Platelet Aggregation.


590• HSP 90 and HSP 56 – are Heat Shock Proteins that bind Inactive Zinc Fingers that are involved in Steroid Hormone Synthesis.


591• Complications of Ankylosing Spondylitis – may be impaired Pulmonary Ventilation due to deformation of the spine, and in the heart it will present with Ascending Aortitis leading to Dilatation of the Aortic Ring.


592• Colon Cancer – most common location for this is Ascending Colon, which will present with Bleeding, where the Left Side that would involve ResctoSigmoid Region would present with Obstruction.


593• Spread of Bronchogenic Carcinoma – may present with Obstruction and Compression of Upper Vasculature such as Vena Cava, and patients will present with Facial Swelling, Dilated Carotids.


594• Hypermethylation of Histones – is the cause of Altered Gene Expression of Huntington Disease.


595• Gastroduodenal Artery – is mostly eroded by Posterior Duodenal Ulcers and can be a source of Life Threatening Hemorrhage


596• Femoral Hernias – will present with a Bulge in the Upper Thigh, and will be accentuated on Valsalva Maneuver.


597• Pol Gene Mutations – render the ability of HIV Retroviral Therapy to take its effect


598• Treatment for Gonoccocal Infection – must always involve treatment for Chlamydia, since it often co infects at the same time. Ceftriaxone is used for N. Gonnorhea and Azithromycin or Doxycycline are used for Chlamydia


599• NF-kB Protein – activity is reduced in Crohn’s Disease and this protein is responsible for Cytokine Production


600• Acarbose and Miglitol – are Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors that decrease Activity of Membraine Bound Disaccharides on the Intestinal Brush Border.