Group 5

161• Ribosomal RNA – is synthesized in Nucleolus. It’s the proteins that are synthesized in RER.


162• + Trandelenburg Test – checks for damage to Superior Gluteal Nerve that innervates Gluteus Medius and Minimus.


163• Newborn born to Diabetic Mothers – will present with Hypoglycemia and most of the times they present with Macrosomia, Transposition of Great Vessels, Renal Agenesis, Rectal Atresia. Hypogycemia is due to Beta Cell Hyperplasia, and not because Insulin has crossed the Placenta, because it doesn’t. Thus when glucose crosses placenta into fetal blood, the response of the fetus will be Beta Cell Hyperplasia.


164• In Cyanide poisoning – Amyl Nitrite is the antidote, because Nitrites increase formation of Methemoglobin, and Methemoglobin has an increased affinity for Cyanide. Sodium Thiosulfate also is used in Cyanide Poisoning which will form Thyocyanite which is less toxic.


165• Recall Bias – when patients are selected who suffered an adverse effect and they are more likely to recall previous risk factors.


166• Selection Bias – is when patients are selected by providers based on their severity of the disease. For Example: severely ill patients are more likely to enroll in cancer trials.


167• P. Aeruginosa – non-lactose fermenting (gram –) Rod and is the cause of UTI in patients with Indwelling Urinary Catheters as well as patients on Respirators.


168• Injections into gluteal region – must be targeted into Superior Gluteal Region, to avoid injury to sciatic or gluteal nerves.


169• Foscarnet – is a pyrophosphate analog and does not need to be converted intracellularly to monophosphate form by viral Thymidine Kinase. Its side effects include Hypocalcemia, Hypmagnesemia and thus Seizures!!!!


170• Cushing’s Syndrome – is usually caused by exogenous administration of Glucocorticoids. Thus the Adrenal Cortex will appear shrunken and Atrophied.


171• Sand Paper Like Rash – Actinic Keratosis, that appears as crusted lesion on Sun Exposed Areas in elderly, it may turn into Cutaneous Horns.


172• Mycobacteria – that grows as Serpentine Cords, usually establishes Virulence!!!


173• Adrenal Crisis – will present with shock syndromes in combination with Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia and Hypoglycemia, and presence of nuchal rigidity, fever, rash and vomiting suggests Neisseria Meningitidis Infection caused Waterhouse Friedrichsen Syndrome, where there is an Adrenal Hemorrhage.


174• Primary Mineralocorticoid Excess – can be due to tumor of Zona Glomerulosa, which will cause Hypokalemia, Bicarbonate Retention and Sodium Retention. Which will in turn decrease Renin.


175• Cushing Syndrome – primary work up will include Dexamethasone Suppression Test. Where Cortisol Levels would not be suppressed due to endogenous Cushing Syndrome causing Pituitary Adenoma.


176• In Anorrhexia – levels of fat drop below normal and this will in turn decrease pulsatile release of GnRH.


177• Acid Fast Stain – stains mycolic acid and at first its placed into Carbolfuchsin and then will be treated with Hydrochloric Acid and Alcohol


178• SnRNP (snurps) – are involved in the process of removing RNA introns during Synthesis and thus are necessary for synthesis of Messenger RNA


179• Competent Patients – have the right not to find out about their diagnosis, if they don’t want to.


180• Beta Lactamase Inhibitors – Clavulinic Acid, Sulbactam and Tazobactam will inhibit destruction of Beta Lactam Ring of Penicillins.


181• Abciximab – inhibits binding of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa to Fibrinogen.


182• Glanzmann Thrombasthenia – is a deficiency of IIb/IIIa glycoprotein on platelet surfaces.


183• Leukotrienes – are synthesized by eosinophils, basophils in asthmatics


184• Histamine – bronchoconstrictor and is released by mast cells.


185• Methacholine Challenge – cholinergic muscarinic agonist used in testing for asthma


186• Valproic Acid – if taken during pregnancy, increases the risk of Neural Tube Defects.


187• Test for Temporal Arteritis – first thing to look at is Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. If it’s elevated (>100) then the positive diagnosis.


188• PrP – has an α - helical structure and is usually found in Creutzfeld Jacob Disease, where there is a Spongiform Transformation of Gray Matter. Spongiform is because the abnormal protein accumulates in Vacuoles and will form a Sponge Like surface.


189• Subacute Sclerosing Encephalitis – complication of Measles Virus in children and adolescents. Usually found in type of Measles Virus that has an M-antigen missing.


190• Multiple Sclerosis – will present with visual changes, painful eye movements and there will be Demyelination of Axons, but Never a Loss of Neurons, Axon Disruption or Astrocyte Degeneration.


191• Herpes Encephalitis – usually a complication of HSV 1 virus in children and will involve Temporal Lobe Encephalitis.


192• Meningitis caused by E.coli – usually will involve a K-1 Viral Capsule that will be infectious. E.coli will grow Pink Colonies on Maconkey Agar.


193• Transfused Blood – will contain citrate, that is used to prevent clotting of the blood, but in patients who are transfused with large amounts of blood, it will cause Hypocalcemia, because it chelates Calcium.


194• Fanconi Anemia – patients will present with DNA exonuclease deficiency, and will be similar mechanism to Xeroderma Pigmentosum.


195• Warfarin Therapy – Gamma Carboxylate protein C and S (which are Natural Anti Coagulants), and in patients with Protein C deficiency, there will be an extreme risk of Thrombosis.


196• Clopidogrel and Ticlopidine – are ADP antagonists and will act by blocking interaction of Ligands with Platelet Receptors. Patients on Ticlopidine, will have Neutropenia and Mouth Ulcers as a side effect!!!!!


197• Cilostazol and Dypyridamole – decrease Phosphodiasterase and thus increase cAMP.


198• RANK Receptor/RANK Ligand – are essential for formation and differentiation of Osteoclasts. Hypoestrogenic state (Low Estrogen) will increase RANK and thus will cause an increase in Osteoclasts and thus in Increased Bone Resorption.


199• Vacuoles formed in CJ Prion Disease – are accumulations of Alpha Helical Protein that became abnormal and these accumulations will form Spongeform Encephalitis and we will see PrP proteins in this disease.


200• C-peptide – can be used as a marker for Endogenous secretion of Insulin by β-pancreatic cells. Glyburide which is a SulfonylUrea will increase the rate of Insulin Secretion and Levels of C-peptide in Type II Diabetes.