Group 18

681• To prevent Recurrent Seizures – in patients with Status Epilepticus. First Line of Treatment is Addition of Phenytoin to Regular Benzodiazepine Therapy.


682• Corticosteroids – are the Strongest and Most Predictable Effects in patients with Asthma


683• Nitrates – mimic Action of Endothelial Derived Relaxing Factor, which will lead to Increased cGMP and Myosin Dephosphorylation, and Reduced Intracellular Calcium


684• Isosorbide Mononitrate – is the most Bioavailable Oral Nitrate.


685• Loss of GABA Neurons in Striatum – is characteristic of Huntington due to Increased CAG Repeats on Chromosome 4


686• Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis – is an Acute Inflammation of Gallbladder without formation of Stones and it’s mostly present in Hospitalized or Severely ill


687• Ethylene Glycol Ingestion – will lead to Acute Renal Failure with Precipitation of Oxalate Stones, such as Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Urine


688• Partial Mole – has a Triploid Karyotype, patient will present with Vaginal Bleeding and Lower Abdominal Pain


689• Tertiary Syphilis – will present with Neuro Involvement and Gummas. That are Necrotizing Granulomas that appear on Skin, Mucosa, Subcutaneous Tissue, Bones and Within Organs. Similar to Chancre in Primary Syphilis


690• Watershed Areas – are Splenic Flexure and Distal Sigmoid Colon, are Most Susceptible to Ischemia During Hypotension and Low Perfusion States


691• Splenic Hypertrophy in Pyruvate Kinase Defficiency – is due to Increased Work to Remove Deformed Erythrocytes from Circulation


692• MacConkey Agar – is used for Many Enteric Bacteria


693• Thayer Martin VCN – is for Neisseria Species (Vancomycin, Polymyxin and Nystatin to remove all other bacteria)


694• Blood Agar – are used to distinguish between Enterococcal and NonEnterococcal Infections. Enterococcal such as E. Faecalis and E. Faecium will grow in both Bile Salts and 6.5% Hypertonic Saline. Where NonEnterococcal (Strep. Bovis) will grow in presence of Bile Salts, but Not 6.5 % Solution


695• Cysteine Tellurite Agar – is for Clostridium Diphtheria


696• Bordet Gengou – is for Bordetella Pertussis


697• Primary Billiary Cirrhosis – is due to Autoimmune Granulomatous Destruction of Hepatic Bile Ducts and Cholestasis. Side Effects will include Pruritis, worse at Night.


698• Gonococcal Arhtritis – is a complication of Neisseria Gonorrhea, and must be suspected in Sexually Active Young Adults


699• Slow Acetylators – are at increased risk of Toxicity to certain drugs, such as Isoniazid, Dapsone, Hydralazine and Procainamide


700• Imperforate Anus in an infant – may also be associated with abnormal development of Urorectal, Urovesical and Urovaginal Fistulas


701• Chronic Rejection – might produce Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and cause Bronchiolitis Obliterans. Pathology includes Lymphocytic Inflammation and Necrosis of Bronchiolar Walls.


702• Acute Rejection – will present with Mononuclear Infiltration on Histological Examination


703• Beck’s Triad – of Hypotension, JVD and Distal or Muffled Heart Sounds is indicative of Tamponade


704• Serine and Threonine Residue Phosphorylation – by Tyrosine Kinase can lead to Insulin Resistance, and can be caused by TNF-α, Catecholamines, Glucocorticoids and Glucagon


705• Chronic Systemic Use of Steroids – will Promote Osteoporosis and cause Vertebral Fractures, by Inhibiting Vitamin D and Promoting PTH activity


706• Anaplastic Tumors – bear no resemblance to the Tissue of Origin


707• Lacunar Infarcts – occur due to Hypertensive Arteriolosclerosis in Basal Ganglia, Pons and Internal Capsule


708• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy – may involve a mutation in Beta Myosin Heavy Chain and Cardiac Cell Sarcomere Protein (Troponin, Tropomyosin)


709• External Branch of Superior Laryngeal Nerve – is susceptible to injury in patients undergoing Thyroidectomy, this nerve innervates Cricothyroid Muscle, all other Muscles are innervated by Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve


710• Intracranial Schwannomas – are usually located in Cerebropontine Angle, which is between Pons and Cerebellum


711• Octreotide – Synthetic Analog of Somatostatin with a Long Half Life is used in Carcinoid Syndrome.


712• Intrapartum Antibiotics – may be used to decrease Incidence of Group Beta Strep Meningitis in Newborns


713• Disruption of Macrophage Phagolysosomes – in Patients with Silicosis, will make them susceptible to Infection with TB


714• Neural Tube Defects – are associated with Increased Levels of Alpha Fetoprotein and Acetylcholinesterase


715• Seizures Side Effects – are usually seen in therapy with Bupropion, Isoniazid and Imipenem


716• Tremor in patients – may be treated with Anticholinergics, such as Benztropine, but must be avoided in patients with BPH and Closed Angle Glaucoma


717• Suspensory Ligament – must be occluded during Surgery to Remove ovaries, to reduce the risk of accidental ligation of Ureters


718• Clonal T Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement – is seen in Malignant Lymphadenopathy


719• Adrenals – are the Most Common Site of Metastases of Lung Cancers, other sites include Bone, Brain and contralateral Lung


720• Carotid Massage – will Increase Firing of Baroreceptor Rate thus Increasing Parasympathetic Stimulation and thus Prolong AV Node Refractory Period