401• Niacin – decreases synthesis of triglycerides and VLDL, by suppressing the release of fatty acids from peripheral tissue. Side Effects are flushing, which can be prevented by administration of Aspirin.
402• Shiga Like Toxin – produced by E.Coli are identical in structure to Shigella Toxin, work by inhibiting 60S subunit of ribosomal protein and thus preventing protein synthesis
403• Toxic Shock Syndrome – has superantigen, which interacts with MHC complex on antigen presenting cells and T-lymphocytes and they cause widespread of activation of T cells with release of IL-2 from T-cells, IL-1 and TNF from macrophages.
404• Hepatitis D antigen – must be coated by external coat HBsAg antigen of Hepatitis B Virus.
405• Blastomycosis – can cause a pulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients, where Aspergillus may cause aspergillosis in old cavities created by TB etc.
406• Methotrexate – inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and side effects include stomatitis (mouth ulcers) and hepatotoxicity.
407• Biopsy in Hirschprung Disease – must include the submucosa of the narrow part, because usually submucosa and myenteric plexus are absent in this disease.
408• Postreptococcal Glomerulonephritis – is usually caused by accumulations of Immune Globulin Deposits.
409• Glucose Transport – into cells occurs by Facilitated Diffusion
410• TCA antidepressants – such as imipramine, amytriptiline, must be used with caution in patients with BPH, because they have strong anti-cholinergic side effects and may cause acute urinary retention
411• Enterococci – produce aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, that transfer chemical groups and will impair an antibiotic binding and thus resistance
412• IgA Protease – facilitates Mucosal Penetration.
413• Nitrglycerin – works primarily as a Venodilator, where cardiac workload is decreased, because the blood is collected in the venous system and thus the preload is decreased as well
414• Release of Lysozomal Enzymes – from ischemic tissue in the brain, results in necrosis of the tissue in the affected region.
415• Anencephaly – along with duodenal, esophageal or intestinal atresia are the main cause for Polyhydramnios, where the swallowing is decreased.
416• TB Meningitis – will result in a Communicating Hydrocephalus, where the impaired function is of Arachnoid Granulations.
417• RhoGam Therapy – where the Rh- negative mother is given an Anti D Globulin, and that globulin is IgG.
418• Common Peroneal Nerve – is mostly commonly injured in the trauma near the head of fibula and will cause Foot Drop.
419• Calcium during Muscle Contraction – will cause an increased degradation of Glycogen and have it converted into Glucose-1-phosphate.
420• Risk of Fractures is lower in Blacks – some of the risk factors of osteoporosis are smoking, menopause, corticosteroid therapy, Caucasian race, physical inactivity, alcohol use.
421• Collagen Molecule - has a triple helix formation, where there is a Glycine Amino Acid in every third positon.
422• Patients presenting with signs of Polydipsia – polyuria but at the same time they have Hyponatremia, are usually caused by Psychogenic Polydipsia, or Pathologic Water Drinkers.
423• Aldosterone – increase sodium and water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
424• ADH – increases water reabsorption in the collecting tubules.
425• Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb) – is a regulator of G1 to S phase transition.
426• p27 protein – is a cell cycle inhibitor, so malignant cells will have low number of p27 cells.
427• Gluconeogenesis – is a major controller of glucose, during an overnight fast, where it converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate and oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate.
428• ADH acts in Medullary Segment – of collecting duct, where it acts to absorb water
429• Aldosterone – mainly acts in Cortical Segment of Collecting Ducts.
430• Staph. Scalded Skin Syndrome – produce Exfoliating Exotoxin, and there is a presence of Nikolsky Sign.
431• Memory Loss and Confabulations – are hallmarks of Korsakoff Syndrome and are permanent deficits, which don’t change with Vitamin Supplementation.
432• Risperidone – is an anti-psychotic, that blocks D2 synthesis of Dopamine, and thus its side effects are Hyperprolactinemia, that will cause Amenorrhea.
433• Avascular Necrosis – of femoral head are the major complications of Sickle Cell Anemia, Systemic Lupus and Steroid Therapy.
434• Damage to Organ of Corti – occurs from prolonged exposure to extremely loud noises.
435• Ergot Compounds – such as Pergolide and Bromocriptine, are associated with Side Effects that cause Raynaud Phenomenon.
436• Enterococcal Endocarditis – is usually seen in elderly patients who have undergone a procedure such as colonoscopy, where Enterococcus has infected and caused Endocarditis
437• Growth Factors and PDGF – rely on Tyrosine Kinase and MAP pathways, and RAS protein is a part of MAP pathway.
438• Villous Adenomas – can look like Cauliflower and secrete a lot of mucus, that will cause diarrhea and thus Hypovolemia
439• Jervell and Lange Nielsen Syndrome – is associated with Neurosensory Deafness and QT prolongation.
440• ARDS Patients – will have a normal Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure, where there is no edema involved.
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