Group 19

721• Crescent Formation – in Light Microscopy is Diagnostic of RPGN, and there will be Accumulations of Fibrin, Monocytes and Macrophages


722• TNF –α Therapy – is associated with Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis. Thus PPD Screens are required before Initiating Therapy. Drugs include (Infliximab, Etanercept)


723• Envelope proteins gp41 – are Fusion Inhibitors that allow Virus to Fuse with Membrane. Drugs Enfuvirtide are useful to prevent this Fusion


724• Gp120 – is used for Viral Attachment to CD4 membrane on T cells


725• Apical Subpleural Blebs – will be seen in patients with Spontaneous Pneumothorax


726• Mifepristone – is Progesterone Antagonist and is Abortificent, Misoprostol is Prostaglandin Analog, that will cause Uterine Contractions and is used in combination with Mifepristone


727• Disseminated Histoplasmosis – is associated with Hepatosplenomegaly in Immunosuppressed Patients


728• Pruritis – is usually a First Symptom of Primary Billiary Cirrhosis, where there are antibodies against Hepatic Bile Ducts and will cause Cholestasis


729• Neisseria Meningitis – will proceed from Pharynx into Blood, then Choroid Plexus and then Meninges. Where H. Influenza will go from Pharynx to Lymphatics and then to Meninges


730• Hyper IgM Syndrome – will present with inability of B Lymphocytes to Undergo Isotype Switching, and will present with Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Recurrent Sinus Infections. Most commonly it’s due to absence of CD 40 Ligand on B Lymphocytes


731• Fibromyalgia – usually affects women of 20-50 and presents with Diffuse Musculoskeletal Pain with pain in the Spine of Scapula, Lateral Epicondyle, Medial Fat Pad in the Knees and pain associated with Exercising


732• Tamoxifen – in Breast Tissue is Anti Estrogenic Effect and Hyperestrogenic Effect in Endometrial Tissue, thus increasing the Risk of Endometrial Cancers, Polyps and Hyperplasia


733• Patients on Levodopa – should not be taking Vitamin B6 Supplements due to Increase Metabolism of Levodopa caused by Vitamin B 6


734• Hepatic Angiosarcoma - is associated with Exposure to Arsenic, Polyvinyl Chloride and will express CD 31 Tumor Markers


735• Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Pathway – is associated with connecting Hypothalamus to Pituitary and responsible for Dopamine Inhibition of Prolactin


736• Sucrose – is a combination of Glucose and Fructose.


737• Lactose – is Galactose and Glucose


738• Maltose – is Glucose and Glucose


739• Corneal Reflex – is associated with Nasocilliary Branch of V 1 Nerve. Motor Component is due to Facial Nerve Temporal Branch


740• Conversion of Tyrosine to DOPA – requires enzyme Tyrosine Hydroxylase
 

741• DOPA to Dopamine – Dopamine Decarboxylase


742• Dopamine to Norepinephrine – Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase


743• Norepinephrine to Epinephrine – require PNMT (Phenylethanolamine –N- MethylTransferase) and Cortisol Increases Transcription of this Enzyme


744• Presence of Jejunal Ulcers – is Highly Indicative of Gastrinoma, there will also be Diarrhea and Abdominal Pain


745• Respiratory Acidosis – will be seen in patients with Heroin Overdose. Bicarcbonate Levels will be Low, because it will take 24 hours for Bicarb Levels to Compensate


746• Sudden Standing or Valsalva Maneuvers – will increase Intensity of Murmurs in patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy


747• IGF-1 of the Liver – is responsible for Growth Hormone Effect in Human Growth


748• IGF -1 from Hypothalamus – is not Responsible for the Growth, but more for CNS Activity


749• Akathisia – usually present as feeling on the Edge, Restlessness, Restless Leg Syndrome


750• Side Effects of Protease Inhibitors – are usually associated with Hyperglycemia, Lipodystrophy (Buffalo Hump etc) and Inhibition of p450


751• Main Side Effect of Cholestyramine – are GI Upset, Increased Triglyceridemia and Impaired Absorption of Nutrients and Drugs


752• End Stage Renal Disease – will be associated with Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica, with Retention of Phosphorus, Loss of Calcium and Activation of 2ndary Hyperparathyroidism


753• Dense Pigment containing Epinephrine Metabolites – is seen in the Lysosomes of the Liver in patients with Dubin Johnson Syndrome


754• Silicosis – will present with Egg Shell Calcification of Lung Hilar Nodes and Birefringent Particles Surrounded by Collagen Fibers


755• Berilliosis – may present with Non Caseating Granulomas


756• Hamartomas – are the most common Benign Lung tumors composed of Collagen, Fibrous and Adipose Tissue


757• Small Cell Lung Carcinoma – is usually associated with Neuroendocrine Markers and will present in the Center of the Lung usually in Smokers


758• ACE Inhibitors – can cause an Increase in Creatinine and Decrease in Hydrostatic Pressure and Decreased Renal Perfusion


759• Acute Appendicitis – is usually due to Obstruction of Lymph Flow of Fecalith. Bacterial Infection will be a pathogenesis of Obstructed Appendix.


760• Positive Kussmaul Sign – will be seen in Patients with Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis.