Group 10

361• Hemiballismus – associated with wild flinging of extremities on 1 side of the body indicates damage to Subthalamic Nucleus, usually due to a Lacunar Stroke.


362• Menopause – is associated with increased levels of FSH.


363• Busprione – is a first line treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and usually takes 2 or more weeks to show full effect.


364• Primary Oocytes – are arrested in Prophase of Meiosis I, and remain there until puberty. At puberty, it starts Meiosis II and gets arrested until fertilization in Metaphase of Meiosis II.


365• Classical Conditioning – is when a person has a reaction to a stimulus, like White Coat Anxiety, where White Coat is a Conditioned Stimulus for Anxiety.


366• Left Atrial Enlargement – can impinge Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve and cause Hoarseness


367• Amiodarone – Class III Anti Arrhythmic and can cause Thyroid Dysfunction (it’s 40% Iodine by Weight), Corneal Deposits, Blue Skin Discoloration, Pulmonary Fibrosis or Liver Dysfunction.


368• Mutation with FAS gene – impairs CTL to delete self reacting T-Lymphocytes and thus can cause an auto-infection of different organs, such as seen in SLE.


369• VPL – receives input from Spinothalamic and is a relay for Pain, Temperature, Proprioception.


370• VPM – is a relay for Gustatory Pathways


371• Lateral Geniculate Body – pathway for Vision


372• Medial Geniculate Body – pathway for Auditory.


373• Olfactory – doesn’t have a relay through the Thalamus.


374• Glycoprotein in Whipple’s Disease – stains well with PAS and is resistant to Diastase. It stains Red with PAS and is an excellent way to diagnose Whipple’s


375• HIV + Patients – often undergo reactivation of EBV Virus


376• Absolute Risk Reduction = Event Rate in Placebo (25/1000 = 2.5%) – Event Rate in Treatment (10/1000=1%) Thus it’s equal to 1.5% or 0.015.


377• Number Needed to Treat = 1/ARR NNT= 1/0.015=0.66 or 66%


378• Aflatoxin – present in different Molds of Grain, cause a mutation of G to T of p53 Gene and will cause Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Usually seen in Asian Countries.


379• Methacholine Challenge – can be used in patients to diagnose Asthma, since it’s a Muscarinic Cholinergic Agonist, it will increase Bronchial Smooth Muscle Contraction and Mucus Production.


380• Etanercept – Alpha Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonist, and is used in treatment of Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis, especially in patients who failed Methotrexate Therapy.


381• Check for PPD, since it causes Reactivation of Tuberculosis.


382• Woolsorter’s Disease – is caused by Bacillis Anthracis, and has a structure where it has D-Glutamate instead of Polysaccharide.


383• COX 2 Enzyme in Colon Cancers – increased expression of COX 2 enzyme, has been seen in Colon Adenocarcinomas and Polyposis, so prevention with NSAIDS has been useful


384• Fexofenadine – Second Generation Anti Histamine that causes minimal sedation


385• Mucor Rhizopus Infection – causes fungus in Ketoacidosis Diabetic Patients and must be Biopsied to Diagnose. It branches at 90 degree angles and Aspergillosis at 45 degrees


386• Lamotrigine – anticonvulsant used in Refractory Partial Seizures and has been shown to cause a Hypersensitivity Rash as a Side Effect.


387• Prolactinomas – associated with increased production of Prolactin will suppress GnRH and thus causes Osteoporosis by decreasing levels of Estrogen.


388• Atherosclerotic Plaque – exresses increased number of PDGF and causes adherence of Platelets to it and thus increasing Intimal Thickness.


389• Intususseption – usually seen in children less than 2 years of age and are presented with a mass in the abdomen, poor feeding and Currant Jelly Stool


390• NSAID in Acute Gout – are the first line of treatment in patients presenting with Acute Attacks of Gout, Glucocorticoids are used as a first line of treatment in Elderly Patients or those with Renal Failure.


391• Loss of Nissl Substance in Neurons – indicates an Irreversible Damage to a Neuron


392• Left Sided Colon Cancers – usually present with Obstruction Type of Symptoms, where Right Sided Colon Cancers present with Iron Deficiency Anemia, since they tend to bleed.


393• Mutation of K-Ras gene – usually causes an increase in Growth of Colonic Polyp.


394• Mutation in APC Gene – usually causes Adenomatous Polyps
 

395• Mutation of p53 gene – usually causes a Malignant Transformation of Adenomatous Polyps.


396• Odds Ratio – is calculated from formula OR=ad/bc


397• Relative Risk – is [a(a+c)]/[b(b+d)]


398• Incomplete closure of Caudal Region – of abdomen, will cause extrophy of the bladder or cloaca extrophy


399• Fibrates and Bile Resins – will increase cholesterol content of bile and increase the risk of gallstones. Fibrates are drugs like Gemfibrozil and Bile Resins are Cholestyramine


400• Extracellular Propeptidases – cleave disulfide rich extensions from procollagen molecule and thus will form triple helix.



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